Spectators’ perceptions regarding the security measures taken in soccer stadiums
Abstract views: 488
/ 
PDF downloads: 309
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7739750Keywords:
Soccer stadium, soccer spectator, soccer fan, stadium security, soccer securityAbstract
The aim of this study was to examine the spectators’ perceptions regarding the security measures taken in soccer stadiums. The unrelated question model, which is one of the quantitative methods, was used in the research. The research group consists of 474 soccer spectators selected. The data were obtained from the spectators of professional soccer clubs in the first league in the 2021-2022 season in Ankara, Turkey. This study was designed as a general survey research, one of the quantitative research methods. According to the data obtained from the research, perceptions of security measures in stadiums differ according to gender, age, education level and how the spectators define themselves as a spectator. As a result, it is seen that the highest score belongs to the "perception that violence can be prevented by the security forces" sub-dimension, and the lowest score belongs to the "perception of controls at entrance to stadium" sub-dimension according to the spectators' perceptions of stadium security. Especially, women spectators find the security measures in the stadiums sufficient, but they think that the security forces cannot manage it in any violent event that may occur. In addition, it is seen that the participants with a high level of education and who define themselves as “very good spectators” have higher perceptions of the security measures in the stadiums.
References
Abbott, J.L., & Geddie, M.W. (2000). Event and venue management: minimizing liability through effective crowd management techniques. Event management, 6(4), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599500108751417
Ahmadi, F., Boroumand, M., & Ramezaninejad, R. (2020). An investigation of factors influencing women spectators’ presence in football stadiums. Sport Physiology & Management Investigations, 12(1), 121-135.
Ali, I.M., Hashim, A. E., Wan-Ismail, W. Z., Isnin, Z., & Mohd-Nazeri, M.A. (2011). Spectators safety awareness in outdoor stadium facilities. Procedia Engineering, (20), 98-104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.143
Alkibay, S. (2005). Profesyonel spor kulüplerinin taraftar ilişkileri yoluyla marka değeri yaratmalari üzerine bir araştırma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 83-108.
Appenzeller, H. (Eds.) (1998). Risk management in sport. Academic Press.
Au, S.Z., Gilroy, J., Livingston, A.D., & Haslam, R.A. (2004). Assessing spectator safety in seated areas at a football stadium. In MacCabe, P.T. (eds.), Contemporary Ergonomic (pp. 26-31). CRC Press.
Bauer, H.H., Stokburger-Sauer, S.E., & Exler, S. (2008). Brand image and fan loyalty in professional team sport: A refined model and empirical assessment. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.2.205
Biçer, A.B., Çolakoğlu, T., & Eraslan, A. (2022). Türkiye’deki spor kulüplerinin yönetsel sorunları: Futbol kulüpleri örneği. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.38021asbid.1140380
Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Yoshida, M., Rosado, A., & Marôco, J. (2013). The role of service quality and ticket pricing on satisfaction and behavioural intention within professional football. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14(4), 42–66. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-14-04-2013-B004
Bozyiğit, E., & Doğan, F. (2018). Examination of the psychological commitment to team of the students of faculty of sports sciences. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(4), 2159-2167.
Brooks, D.J. (2010). What is security: Definition through knowledge categorization. Security Journal, (23), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2008.18
Bütün, M., & Demir, S.B. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. (3. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Çemrek, F. (2015). Bayan taraftarların stadyumlarda futbol maçı seyretmemelerine neden olan etmenlerin araştırılması. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(10), 317-334.
Cere, R. (2002). Witches of our age: Women ultras, Italian football and the media. Sport in Society, 5(3), 166-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/911094210
Cleland, J., & Cashmore, E. (2018). Nothing will be the same again after the Stade de France attack: Reflections of association football fans on terrorism, security and surveillance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(6), 454-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518797028
Clement, A. (1998). Law in sport and physical activity (2nd ed.). Sport and Law Press, Inc.
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (3rd. Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dellaserra, C.L., Crespo, N.C., Todd, M., Huberty, J., & Vega-López, S. (2018). Perceived environmental barriers and behavioral factors as possible mediators between acculturation and leisure-time physical activity among Mexican American adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(9), 683-691. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0701
Eraslan, A., & Çimen, Z. (2022). Sağlık ve fitness tesislerinde risk yönetimi ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 132-148. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1055834
Erturan-Ogut, E.E. (2020). Neoliberalizing football and fandom: the authoritarian e-ticketing system in Turkish stadiums. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 12(1), 91-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2019.1638814
Farrell, A., Fink, J.S., & Fields, S. (2011). Women’s sport spectatorship: an exploration of men’s influence. Journal of Sport Management, 25(3), 190-201. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.3.190
Fried, G. (2004). Academy for venue safety and security (avss) manual. International Association of Assembly Management. Dallas: TX.
Frosdick, S., & Marsh, P. (2013). Fooball hooliganism. UK: Willan.
Gençer, R.T. (2005). Profesyonel futbol kulüpleri stadyumlarında algılanan hizmet kalitesi: Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saraçoğlu stadyumu üzerine bir inceleme (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University), Turkey.
Gültekin, H., & Soyer, F. (2010). Examining police practices, as part of the regulations, oriented towards preventing violence in Turkish football. Journal of Human Sciences, 7(1), 1219–1243.
Gürbüz, B., Kural, S., & Özbek, O. (2019). Sporda saldırganlık ve öfke ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 206-217.
Hall, S., Cooper, W.E., Marciani, L., & McGee, J.M. (2011). Security management for sports and special events: An interagency approach to creating safe facilities. Human Kinetics.
İmamoğlu, G., & Ceylan, L. (2019). Futbol takımlarında arma, logo ve maskot kullanımı. Journal of International Social Research, 12(66).
Kaygusuz, C., & Dindar, M. D. (2022). Zekâ ve fanatizm. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.
Kazemi, R., Sheykh, M., Shahbazi, M., & Rasekh, N. (2008). The study of effective factors in hooliganism of football fans after Iran Darby (Fans’ points of view). Research on Sport Science, 5(17), 101–114.
Kelley, S.W., & Turley, L.W. (2001). Consumer perceptions of service quality attributes at sporting events. Journal of Business Research, 54(2), 161-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00084-3
Kural, S., & Özbek, O. (2019). Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) fans on fanaticism and violence. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 140-154
Lhotsky, G.J. (2006). An analysis of risk management at NCAA Division I-A football stadiums. The Florida State University.
Madden, T.D. (1998). Risk management and facility insurance. Public Assembly Facility Law, 199-230.
Madensen, T., & Eck, J.E. (2008). Spectator violence in stadiums. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Maksum, A. (2010). Spectators’ violence at soccer matches: A complex psycho-social phenomenon. Anima, Indonesian Psychology Journal, 25(3), 159-171.
Mazzei, L.C., Moraes, I.F., Carlassara, E.D.O.C., & Jr, A.J.R. (2020). Football in Brazil: What brings fans/consumers to stadiums and arenas in the city of São Paulo. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 20(3-4), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2020.110834
Mintert, S.M., & Pfister, G. (2015). The FREE project and the feminization of soccer: the role of women in the European fan community. Soccer and Society, 16(2-3), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.961383
Naderian-Jahromi, M., & Akhavan, E. (2021). The study of fear of crime and its impact on fans' abnormal behavior at stadiums (a case study of soccer fans at Fooladshahr Stadium in Isfahan, Iran). Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(2), 179-184. https://dx.doi.org/10.22103/jnssm.2021.17332.1025
Naderian-Jahromi, M., Poorsoltanzarandi, H., & Rohani, E. (2013). Recognizing security ındicators and standards of sport facilities. Journal of Sport Management, 5(3), 21-36. doi: 10.22059/jsm.2013.35707
Papadopoulos, N., & Tsekouropoulos, G. (2023). The application of service quality on tourist stadia: the role of value and satisfaction on spectators' intentions. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Management and Informatics, 9(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSAMI.2023.127542
Phonthanukitithaworn, C., & Sellitto, C. (2018). Perceptions of service quality at soccer stadiums: influence on fans’ intention to attend future games. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(3), 204-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1544850
Polat, E., Sönmezoğlu, U., Yıldız, K., & Çoknaz, D. (2019). Futbol taraftarlarının takım imajı, takım sadakati ve takımla özdeşleşme düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences-IJSETS, 5(3), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.592699
Rahimi, G., Amirtash, A., & Khabiri, M. (2003). A study of effective factors in safety management of soccer stadiums in Iran. Research on Sport Science, 1(4), 39–52.
Ramazanoğlu, F. (2012). Spectators' behaviour from the view of security forces in sport competitions. Archives of Budo, 8(2), 59–63. doi:10.12659/AOB.882652
Ritchie, B.W., Shipway, R., & Cleeve, B. (2009). Resident perceptions of mega-sporting events: a non-host city perspective of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(2/3), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080902965108
Saygın, A.U. (2016). Futbolun Mcdonaldlaşmasına katkı: Passolig. Global Media Journal TR Edition. 6(12), 553-569.
Shahmansouri, E., & Mozafari, A. (2006). The causes of accession in sport crisis and the ways for preventing them in software, hardware, liveware and mass media arenas. Research on Sport Science, (12), 87–106.
Shaw, L.L., & Rogers, C. (2013). Safety in the stadium. Risk Management, 60(3), 14-15.
Spaaij, R. (2008). Men like us, boys like them: Violence, masculinity, and collective identity in football hooliganism. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 32(4), 369-392.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Taştan, H.Ş., & Ataman-Yancı, H.B. (2016). Stadyumlarda alınan güvenlik önlemlerine ilişkin seyirci algıları ölçeği: bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 386-394.
Turner, M. (2017). Modern English football fandom and hyperreal, ‘safe’, ‘all-seater’ stadia: examining the contemporary football stage. Soccer & Society, 18(1), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.980732
Waitt, G. (2003). The social impacts of the Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 194–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00050-6
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (11. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Yusuf, A. O., Akinwusi, A.T. & Morakinyo, E. O. (2020). Examining the level of stadium security and safety during Nigeria Professional Football League matches. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 6(1), 26-42.
Yücel, A. S., Çiftçi, İ., Karataş, Ö., Tan, Ç., & Karataş, E. Ö. (2018). Stadyumlardaki Güvenlik Önlemlerine İlişkin Taraftar Algılarının İncelenmesi. Journal of Educational Researchers, 9(5), 46-51.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 
