Agon, arete, spor ve savaş: Antik Yunan Dönemi


Özet Görüntüleme: 556 / PDF İndirme: 212

Yazarlar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7509727

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Rekabet, Savaş, Antik Dönem

Özet

Agon ve arete Antik Yunan Dönemi’nin başat kavramlarındandır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden geleneksel derleme deseni ile yürütülen bu araştırmada bu kavramların yine dönemin önemli pratikleri olan spor ve savaşla ilişkisinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Agon ve arete ‘iyi erkek, rekabet, cesaret ve savaşla’ ilişkilidir ve bu özelliklerin sergilenmesi, Antik Yunan gibi savaşın bir zorunluluk olduğu toplumların tipik özelliğidir. Savaş agonun en yıkıcı biçiminde gerçekleşir. Savaşta kana ve ölüme dayanabilen, düşmana yakın durabilen ve savaşabilen cesur bir genç adamın kazanabileceği en yüksek değer aretedir.  Spor, savaş eğitimi ve becerileri için vazgeçilmez bir araç olarak kabul edildiğinden askeri zafer, onur ve savaşa hazır olmaya atfedilen büyük önem, spor ve erkek sporcu içinde geçerlidir. Başarılı erkek sporcular saygın ve tanrısal ayrıcalıklara sahip vatandaşlar haline gelir. Dönemin seçkin eserlerinde spor ve savaş arasındaki ilişki ve ortak noktalar sık sık ifade edilir. Savaş ve spor; militarizm, şan, şöhret, toplumsal ayrıcalık, erkekliğin toplumsal inşası ve sürdürülmesi için önemli bir toplumsal işleve sahipken Helen etnik kimliğinin varlığının bir işaretidir.

Referanslar

Aristotle. (1926). Rhetoric. Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 22, translated by J. H. Freese. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0060.

Aristotle. (1944). Politics. Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 21, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058.

Aristotle. (1952). Athenian constitution. Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 20, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0046%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1.

Berg, H. (2011). Masculinities in early Hellenistic Athens. In John H. Arnold & S. Brady (Eds), What is masculinity? Historical dynamics from antiquity to the contemporary world (97-113). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307254_6.

Burckhardt, J. (1999). The Greeks and Greek civilization. O. Murray (ed), translated by S. Stern. New York: Macmillan.

Burnett, A. P. (1985). The art of Bacchylides. Martin Classical Lectures 29. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Burstyn, V. (1999). The rites of men: Manhood, politics and the culture of sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442682214.

Chaniotis, A. (2005). War in the Hellenistic world: A social and cultural history. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3873712.

Christesen, P. (2007). The transformation of athletics in sixth-century Greece. In G.P. Schaus & S. R. Wenn (Eds), Onward to the Olympics: Historical perspectives on the Olympic Games (59-68). Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. file:///C:/Users/a%C4%B1cu/Downloads/The_Transformation_of_Athletics_in_Sixth.pdf.

Crowther, N. B. (2009). Greek Sports and Social Status. Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada 9(1), 101-103. doi:10.1353/mou.2010.0013.

Cornell, T. J. (2002). On war and games in the ancient world. The global nexus engaged: Past, present, future interdisciplinary Olympic studies: Sixth international symposium for Olympic research, (37-72). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a3a2889d94a75672b9ce46f48cee0bf36a61a915.

Daqing, W. (2010). On the Ancient Greek αγων. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 6805-6812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.031.

DeFrantz, A. L. (1997). The changing role of women in the Olympic Games. Olympic Review, 26(15), 18-21. https://www.olympic.org/publications/olympic-review.

Eagleton, C. (1948). International government. New York: Ronald Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271624825800.

Elias, N. (1986). An essay on sport and violence. In N. Elias & E. Dunning (eds), Quest for Excitement: Sport and leisure in the civilizing process (150-174). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Ellsworth, J. D. (1971). Agon: Studies in the use of a word. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (302569432). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/agon-studies-use-word/docview/302569432/se-2.

Finley, M. I. (1986). Ancient history, evidence, and models. New York: Viking Penguin Inc.

Finley, M. I., & Pleket, H. W. (1976). The Olympic Games: The first thousand years. London: Chatto and Windus.

Fischer, N. (2002). Competitive sport’s imitation of war: Imaging the completeness of virtue. Journal of Philosophy of Sport, 29(1), 16–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2002.9714620.

Fitzsimmons, L. (2009, August 29). Cloud: My goal is to destroy my opponent by any means necessary. Miami Herald, p.8. http://www.miamiherald.com.

Godley, A. D. (1921). Herodotus. London: W. Heinemann Ltd. https://ia802606.us.archive.org/12/items/herodotuswitheng02herouoft/herodotuswitheng02herouoft.pdf.

Golden, M. (1998). Sport and society in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/sportsocietyinan0000gold_l2a2/page/n3/mode/2up.

Hall, E. (1989). Inventing the barbarian: Greek self-definition through tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. file:///C:/Users/a%C4%B1cu/Downloads/inventing-the-barbarian.pdf%20(1).pdf.

Harper J. (2006). Agon. P. LaRose (ed). North Carolina: Lulu Publishing.

Hobbes, T. (1907). Leviathan: Or, the matter, form, and power of a commonwealth, ecclesiastical and civil. London: Routledge and Sons Ltd. https://ia902705.us.archive.org/11/items/leviathanormatt02hobbgoog/leviathanormatt02hobbgoog.pdf.

Homer. (1924). The Iliad. Translated by A.T. Murray. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D6%3Acard%3D466.

Jirásek, I., & Hurych, E. (2012). Pain and suffering in sport. Human Movement, 13(2), 185-189. file:///C:/Users/a%C4%B1cu/Downloads/2012Painandsuffering_Humanmovement.pdf.

José, V. T (2004). Warfare, History and Literature in the Archaic and Classical Periods: The Development of Greek Military Treatises. Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 53(2), 129-146. http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/00182311/v53i0002/129_whalittdogmt.xml.

Jürs-Munby, K. (2014). Agon, conflict and dissent: Elfriede Jelinek's ein sportstück and its stagings by Einar Schleef and just a must Theatre. Austrian Studies, 22, 9-25. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/72859/2/Juers_Munby_Agon_Conflict_and_Dissent_FINAL_CLEAN.pdf.

Kallen, H. (1939). Of war and peace. Social Research, 6(3), 361-391. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40981682.

Krentz, P. (1985). Casualties in hoplite battles. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 26(1), 13-20. https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/5321/5325.

Kyle, D. G. (2007). Sport and spectacle in the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. https://books.google.nr/books?id=LOiNBQAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Kyle, D. G. (2013). Greek athletic competitions: The Ancient Olympics and more. In P. Christesen, Donald G. Kyle (eds). A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity. (21-36). Malden, MA, Oxford: Chichester. file:///C:/Users/a%C4%B1cu/Downloads/A_Companion_to_Sport_and_Spectacle_in_Gr.pdf.

Liddell, H., & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. (Revised and augmented throughout by H. Stuart Jones with the assistance of R. McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lo/gos.

Loy, J. W., & Morford, W. R. (2019). The Agon Motif: Redux. A Study of the Contest Element in Sport. Physical Culture and Sport, 82(1), 10-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0010.

Lungstrum, J., & Sauer, E. (1997). Creative agonistics: An introduction: in Agonistics. Janet Lungstrum and Elizabeth Sauer (eds), Agonistics: Arenas of creative contests (1-32). https://voidnetwork.gr/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Agonistics-Arenas-of-Creative-Contest-Edited-by-Janet-Lungstrum-and-Elizabeth-Sauer.pdf.

Mechikoff, R. (2010). A history and philosophy of sport and physical education: from ancient civilizations to the modern world (5th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Morford, R. W. (1986). Olympism: Tattered remnant of a Victorian fancy. International Journal of Physical Education, 23(2), 10-14.

Orwell, G. (1945, December 14). The sporting spirit. Tribune, p. 10.

Papapostolou, M., Konstantinakos, P., Mountakis, C., & Georgiadis, K. (2010). Rites of passage and their role in the socialization of the Spartan youth. Sport Management International Journal, 6(1), 43-52. doi: http:dx.doi.org/10.4127/ch.2010.0044.

Plato. (1967). Euthydemus. Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 3. Translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Euthyd&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0178.

Plato. (1967 & 1968). Laws. Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11. Translated by G. Bury. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Laws&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0166.

Plato. (1969). Republic. Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6. Translated by P. Shorey. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0168.

Pomeroy, S. B., Burstein, S. M., Donlan, W., & Roberts, J. T. (2004). A brief history of Ancient Greece: politics, society, and culture. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_163/N_38.pdf.

Rich, J., & Shipley, G. (Eds.). (2003). War and society in the Greek world. London: Routledge.

Ross, W. D. (1952). The Works of Aristotle. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. https://archive.org/details/theworksofaristotle02aris/page/n13/mode/2up.

Rubarth, S. (2013). Competing constructions of masculinity in Ancient Greece. Atiner conference paper series No: MDT2013-0392. http://www.atiner.gr/papers/MDT2013-0392.pdf.

Scanlon, T. F. (2009). Contesting Ancient Mediterranean sport. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26(2), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802655909.

Siemens, H. (2022). Nietzsche’s agon and the transvaluation of Humanism. In Nietzsche Online. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://www.degruyter.com/database/NIETZSCHE/entry/NO_W072228MTNFB074V007/html.

Šiljak V., & Selaković V. (2019). Syncretism of agon, athleticism and war in Ancient Greece. Physical Education and Sport through the Centuries, 1(2), 90-99. http://www.fiep-serbia.net/docs/vol-1-i-2/en/paper-8.pdf.

Simon, R. L. (1991). Fair play: Sports, values, and society. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Snell, B. (1982). The Discovery of the mind in Greek philosophy and literature. New York: Courier Dover Publications.

Sorel, G. (1912). Reflections on violence. Paris: Rivière.

Taylor J. W. (1918). The Athenian ephebic oath. Classical Journal, 13(7), 495-501. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3287904#metadata_info_tab_contents.

Tekin, A., ve Tekin, G. (2014). Antik Yunan Dönemi: Spor ve Antik Olimpiyat Oyunları. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 7(18), 121-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14225/Joh480.

Thucydides. (1910). The Peloponnesian War. Translated by R. Crawley. London: J.M. Dent-sons, ltd.; New York, E.P. Dutton-co. https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/history-pelo-war.pdf.

Tyrtaeus. (1999). Martial fragments. Loeb Classical Library. Doi: 10.4159/DLCL.tyrtaeus-fragments.1999.

Vernant, J. P. (1989). Dim body, dazzling body. In M. Feher, R. Naddaff, N. Tazi (eds), Fragments for a History of the Human Body. 18-47. file:///C:/Users/a%C4%B1cu/Downloads/CH001957F870E130BB75BC1257952004D89AD.pdf.

Vernant, J. P. (1990). Myth and Society in Ancient Greece. New York: Zone Books. https://philarchive.org/archive/TIEOON.

Von-Clausewitz, K. (1911). Vom Kriege. Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin. (English ed.: On War). London: K. Paul Trench, Trubner and Co. ltd. https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Escalation%20%28Military%20science%29&c=x.

Wilson, N. (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203958766.

Xenophon. (1923). Memorabilia. Xenophon in Seven Volumes, 4. E. C. Marchant. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; William Heinemann, Ltd., London. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0208.

İndir

Yayınlanmış

03/20/2023

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

Tekin, G. (2023). Agon, arete, spor ve savaş: Antik Yunan Dönemi . ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 359–380. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7509727